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electrochromic devices
The Electrochromic device (ECD) controls the optical properties such as optical transmission, absorption, reflectance, and/or emittance in a continual but reversible manner on application of a voltage. This property enables the ECD to be used for applications like smart-window, electrochromic mirror, and electrochromic display devices.
== History ==
The history of coloration goes back to 1704 when Diesbach discovered Prussian blue (hexacyanoferrate), which changes the color from transparent to blue under oxidation of iron. In the 1930s, Kobosew and Nekrassow first noted electrochemical coloration in bulk tungsten oxide. While working at Balzers in Lichtenstein, T. Kraus provided a detailed description of electrochemical coloration in thin film of tungsten trioxide (WO3) on 30 July 1953. In 1969, S. K. Deb demonstrated electrochromic coloration in WO3 thin films.〔S. K. Deb, Appl. Opt., 8(S1) (1969) 192〕 Deb observed electrochromic color by applying electric field of the order of 104 Vcm−1 across WO3 thin film. In fact, the real birth of the EC technology is usually attributed to S. K. Deb’s seminal paper of 1973, wherein he described the coloration mechanism in WO3.〔S. K. Deb, Philos. Mag., 27 (1973) 801〕 The Electrochromism occurs due to the electrochemical redox reactions that take place in electrochromic materials. Various types of materials and structures can be used to construct electrochromic devices, depending on the specific applications.
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